Understanding Depression: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

While everyone feels sad or down occasionally, depression is a serious medical condition that affects millions worldwide. Unlike temporary sadness, depression involves ongoing feelings of emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest in daily life. Left untreated, depression can severely impact work, relationships, and overall well-being.

Causes of Depression

The exact cause of depression is not fully known, but it often results from a mix of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Common causes include:

• Stressful life events

• Hormonal changes

• Family history of depression

• Traumatic childhood experiences

• Brain chemistry changes

If untreated, depression may lead to anxiety, substance abuse, social withdrawal, or even suicide. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), early intervention and treatment are essential for recovery.

Symptoms of Depression

The most common type is major depressive disorder, marked by persistent sadness and loss of interest. Symptoms may include:

• Constant sadness or hopelessness

• Loss of interest in normal activities

• Fatigue and low energy

• Irritability and restlessness

• Sleep problems (too much or too little)

• Difficulty concentrating

• Aches, pains, or headaches

• Suicidal thoughts or behaviors

Learn more about depression symptoms at the Mayo Clinic.

Diagnosing Depression

Diagnosis usually involves a medical evaluation, physical exam, and lab tests to rule out other conditions. A mental health professional may ask questions about mood, sleep, appetite, and recent life events.

To be diagnosed with major depression, symptoms must persist for at least two weeks and include at least five of the following:

• Depressed mood most of the day

• Loss of interest in daily activities

• Trouble sleeping or oversleeping

• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

• Low self-worth or guilt

• Thoughts of death or suicide

For professional standards, see the American Psychiatric Association DSM-5 criteria.

Treatment for Depression

Treatment usually combines therapy and medication:

• Medications: Antidepressants like SSRIs, SNRIs, NDRIs, or tricyclics can balance brain chemistry. Your provider will choose the right one based on your needs.

• Psychotherapy: Talking with a psychiatrist or therapist helps identify root causes and develop healthy coping strategies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most effective approaches.

The Anxiety & Depression Association of America (ADAA) provides detailed information on treatment options.

Preventing Depression

Depression cannot always be prevented, but certain habits may reduce its risk:

• Follow your treatment plan consistently

• Stay physically active

• Get enough quality sleep

• Build a strong support system of family and friends

• Educate yourself about depression and coping strategies

See more prevention strategies at the Cleveland Clinic.

Takeaway

Depression is common but treatable. At Broadview Psychiatry in NC, we provide evidence-based treatment, including medication management, therapy, and support programs, to help patients restore hope and improve their quality of life.